Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Canterbury Tales Essay Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Canterbury Tales Essay Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know Top Canterbury Tales Essay Topics Secrets When the pilgrims start to inform their stories, however, there's a reversal of gear. It supplies the rationale for those stories and introduces the pilgrims. It might not be the path he actually wishes to follow. The Pardoner The most complex of all of the pilgrims. Theseus reports this prevent as a way to wind up being above. The Banquet should be run completely in character, therefore it's a fantastic concept to get nametags for all. The individual who tells the very best story is going to be awarded an elegant dinner at the conclusion of the trip. The conclusion of the very first semester! In the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer adapted several stories which he inherited from a range of different sources. Because it was written, we can observe the phonetic sound of several of Chaucer's words also. It appears that Chaucer doesn 't have one bad situation to say regarding the characters he's presenting. The characters have various occupations and personalities. What You Need to Know About Canterbury Tales Essay Topics The pardoner also provides the story of 3 men who were trying to find a man named death. Both women show two unique extremes of what a wife needs to be. A subject of sexual love and the purpose of adult females in the universe is sounded in 1 manner or another in the majority of the narratives and several of the links. Relationships only work out though in the event the woman has all of the control. Although he isn't a fantastic individual, he can preach a great sermon. Socially, the Knight is definitely the most prestigious individual on the pilgrimage. Chaucer makes the decision to tag along, taking a while to describe each pilgrim. Chaucer himself is among the pilgrims. The 30-Second Trick for Canterbury Tales Essay Topics Of course it's possible to modify these questions to sat isfy the requirements and interests of students in your class. The majority of the stories relate some type of moral lesson or value. And certainly, the 2 students may be robbed of their grain. My younger students really similar to this. Up in Arms About Canterbury Tales Essay Topics? At exactly the same time, it isn't an effortless text for the majority of students to encounter. Furthermore, the great translation makes the work perfectly accessible and simple to comprehend. It is among the most vital copies of the poem, being both one of the first copies and the one which defined the order where the tales were presented. You ought to use this as a background for a discussion of the significance of the component of the text with which you're dealing. The third grade of the knight is different than most would anticipate. It's also apparent he carries a sword, which would match his profession for a knight because he's ready to fight. The knight is a rather important charact er in The Canterbury Tales. He's illustrated as powerful and powerful young knight. Due to its length, The Canterbury Tales may be hard to teach in its entirety. The Host often becomes bored or overwhelmed with a few of the tales, especially those which are emotionally tormenting. The plowman is the most likely very fit because he must be strong to work doing the odd jobs about town. Part of this irony is because of the massive quantity of corruption the friar possesses. Thus The Canterbury Tales aren't tales intended purely for entertainment purposes, there's a moral lesson to each story. Chaucer contributed a lot to the maturation of the English Language that was the language of the usual men and women. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. It is thought to be one of the best works of English literature. Additionally, each character should prepare a brief poem or speech by means of introduction of themselves at the start of the banquet. By writing essays, students might have to read closely and get past the top layer of the text. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Ready made examples for all disciplines essay writing samples for every single subject within this section you will see samples of essays belonging to different essay types and manners of formatting. Remember that the amount of the essay usually means that you need to not attempt to deal with the subject exhaustively. This essay questions encompass a selection of different essay types to present a foundation for virtually any essay needed in school. There is going to be numerous such short exercises created to help prepare you for the last research paper.

Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet - 1093 Words

Kenneth Branagh’s 1996 adaptation of Hamlet is a great way to enjoy the popular Shakespeare play. While I found the film to be quite lengthy, I thoroughly enjoyed seeing a film version of the story I only knew a little bit about from reading an excerpt of Hamlet in high school. I think Kenneth Branagh did an excellent job in making the screen play into a movie. Everything in every scene couldn’t have been done more perfectly. Better yet is the cast, with actors like Kenneth Branagh himself, as Hamlet, Kate Winslet as Ophelia, Billy Crystal, and Robin Williams among many other great actors. The tragedy starts with just that, tragedy, the death of Hamlet’s Father, the king. The movie starts out with the watchmen on duty seeing an†¦show more content†¦The Norwegian crown prince and his army storm the castle in order to assume the throne, wasting no time. They are astounded by the royal deaths. I thought the movie had an excellent cast, all great actor s that did a wonderful job. Kenneth Branagh made a good Hamlet. I liked Hamlet’s character and hoped the best for him, even though I did not agree with some of the things he did. I felt badly for Hamlet, as I also did Ophelia when she took her own life out of misery. I think it is sad they did not end up together; but then again that’s the point, it’s a tragedy. I loved the original King, although he wasn’t in the movie much in life form, he seemed like a fair and wise King. The actor who played the king did a fantastic job in the foggy woods scene. All in all the entire cast was very convincing, so much that you either came to love or hate the characters. I think there are many themes in Hamlet. The one that stands out the most is the importance of thinking before acting. Hamlet does and says many things he might not if he took some time to first â€Å"cool down†. It seems as if he is too hasty to act and this often gets him into trouble making terrible things happen that he can’t simply take back. Another lesson to take from Hamlet is that nothing is forever and nothing is certain. Hamlet wrestled with the validity of the experience of his father’s apparition, he questioned whether or not it really happened. For some thingsShow MoreRelated Comparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet1039 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet Modern day directors use a variety of methods to hold ones interest. Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branagh’s created versions of Hamlet that shared some similarities, but ultimately had many differences in respects to an audience’s appeal. An appealing movie is one that has an alluring ambiance and an intellectual stimulus. With these two movie versions, a setting and a mood forced an audience to acquire specific emotions, but EthanRead MoreComparing the Opening Sections of Kenneth Branaghs and Franco Zeffirellis Film Versions of Hamlet2458 Words   |  10 PagesComparing the Opening Sections of Kenneth Branaghs and Franco Zeffirellis Film Versions of Hamlet So exactly why is it that Hamlet is still so popular with our modern day audiences when it was written for the naà ¯ve audiences of the 17th century? Personally I believe this is because Hamlet deals with many fresh issues including corruption, love and the supernatural, which still appeal to contemporary audiences. These issues are also present in many films made recently eRead MoreInterpretation of Conflict within Hamlet1684 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons. Within Act 3, Scene 4 of Hamlet, Shakespeare provides little direction by which the scene should be interpreted, but the play, taken in its entirety, proposes a certain way in which Hamlet and Gertrude express their emotions. This has led to distinctive cinematic interpretations of this scene, all in which portray the storyline in a unique way. Kenneth Branagh’s version of the closet scene provides a more realistic portrayal of the conflict between Hamlet and Gertrude than the Gregory DovanRead MoreHamlet: Mel Gibson vs Kenneth Branagh Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies. Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branaghâ₠¬â„¢s version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. The film version of Hamlet featuring KennethRead MoreMovie Adaptations of Hamlet1017 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies. Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Mel Gibson and Kenneth Branagh of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branagh version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. The filmRead MoreThe Film Hamlet By William Shakespeare1276 Words   |  6 Pages The film Hamlet by William Shakespeare was made by two directors in two different versions which one was Kenneth Branagh an d the other Franco Zeffirelli. By watching the four scenes of the play of the two versions, the viewer has come up to the conclusion that Kenneth Branagh’s version best captures the essence of the play in terms of costume design, acting, directing, and cinematography. The directing and cinematography in Act IV, Scene V the Ophelia Madness Scene as well as the actingRead MoreA Comparison of Two Film Adaptations of Hamlet Essay741 Words   |  3 Pagesgestures, facial expressions, etc. can be more impacting than words. Shakespeares Hamlet has been adopted to the screen many times, each with its own interpretation of the dialogue. The directors Kenneth Branagh and Michael Almereyda both bring the words of Shakespeare to life with vivid and original settings, costumes, and personalities. Of course they both attempt to convey different moods and tones. Branaghs on-screen version is very traditional as it is set in the 1800s and every word of ShakespearesRead MoreHamlet: Zeffirelli vs. Branagh Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesmany actors. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet has been the focus on various accounts throughout the 20th Century, each actor attempting to bring something unique and unmarked to the focal character. Franco Zeffirelli and Kenneth Branagh, both film directors, introduce varying levels of success on the screen through downright differences in ways of translation and original ideas. Zeffirelli’s much shorter interpretation of the film is able to convey the importance of Hamle t as a masterwork by using modernRead More Comparing Bennetts Hamlet with Branaghs Hamlet Essay2354 Words   |  10 PagesComparing Bennetts Hamlet with Branaghs Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of Shakespeares works have been transposed from stage to screen, none so more than Hamlet. Two of the most unique film appropriations of the play are to be found in Rodney Bennetts 1980 film and Kenneth Branaghs 1996 blockbuster. The two films share many parallels between them in both interpretation and method, however they also have marked differences in their respective approaches to the text.    Perhaps the mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1609 Words   |  7 Pagesechoes and expounds upon the famous â€Å"To be, or not to be† (Hamlet 3.1.56). The former quote was written by none other than Danish philosopher and poet, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard. Born in 1813, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard was well acquainted with Shakespeare’s text and often referred to it in his writings. When watching Kenneth Branagh’s unique, unabridged adaptation of Hamlet, it is apparent that Kenneth Branagh was able to capture how similar his Hamlet and Sà ¸ren are in character while making his mark in cinematography

Defining Adulthood free essay sample

Gall does this mean a person has established the qualities needed to enter adulthood? To define adulthood one must not solely base it on age but of the emotional maturity of a person. To do so one must get to the root of the word adulthood, adult. To be an adult one must show responsibility, maturity, and some sort of independence. Having responsibilities can start and usually do start before reaching adulthood. The way In which they progress Is how having them helps a person enter adulthood. Cleaning the living room, washing dishes, and washing clothes are a few of the many horses associated with childhood but continuously doing them prepares a person for when they are on their own. Skills assessed in doing chores gear a child up for the real world. Some people get Jobs at the early age of sixteen while others wait till after college. Doing different odd jobs at home gives a person a sense of consistency so that when they get a real Job they will already have time commitment and the knowledge of knowing that when given a task to do It to the best of their abilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Adulthood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Maturity is also brought on throughout development. Maturity is not an actual stage a person reaches in their life but an ongoing development of ones self growth towards improvement. Using maturity and responsibility go hand in hand. The point at which a person stops complaining about chores and does them because it is Just required everyday life shows maturity. The saying when one enters adulthood a child must put childish things aside applies to this. Maturity applies to everyday life and all aspects that It entails.From home to work to school to being out socially, these are mom examples of places maturity can be exemplified. One must be able to manage personal feelings from managing temper and anger to being able to distinguish needs and wants. So a person may not have all of these and other attributes by a certain age but they are attained throughout growth and progress towards becoming a better Individual. Adulthood requires maturity In Its smallest form at the least by understanding the ability to listen to and evaluate the viewpoints of others. To be independent one can say is the highest form of adulthood. A person must need responsibility and maturity for independence to be sustained. With independence comes bills, chores, and time management. A person needs to be responsible with paying their bills on time, responsible with getting to work on time, and if in college responsible for getting school work done and sometimes Juggling both school and work. If a person Is not mature about these things and takes them independence can fall from under them.This ties back to maturity and needing the knowledge of a persons needs and wants. Adulthood along the lines of the independent aspect is being able to sufficiently provide the necessities for survival without the help of anyone else. Although being an adult is defined in almost all countries by a specific age that does not mean a person has entered adulthood. In the United States a child becomes an adult when they turn eighteen but in legal cases a child can be tried as an adult as early as the age of twelve if certain criteria are met.So does that mean that although the government has established an exact GE at which a child becomes an adult they can deem adulthood qualities prior to that? A child can have children after puberty has come so in some ways the child must enter adulthood sooner than thought and yet they have not reached the age of eighteen. They must learn to provide and take care of that child. Many young adults who have children show a great lack of entering adulthood because often they struggle to take care of that child many times needing the help of their parents or in some cases having to give up that child.Also many adults live with their parents so even though they have reached adulthood th rough the eyes of the government have they truly reached adulthood in the sense of maturity, independence, and responsibility? So a person can establish that people never really grow out of childhood. But Just like adulthood, childhood is a mental development so in some sense this is true. Adults still retain some childish manners; if not then that person would define the exact moment of entering adulthood rather than adulthood being a growth of development.So to truly understand the definition of adulthood a person must take a step back and look at the aspects of independence, maturity, and responsibility in conjunction towards adulthood. Adulthood also depends on the location and culture of the region that person resides in. Adulthood like most words will adhere to the definition that fits in with the timeshare that it is used in. Adulthood will always be a growth never ending in a persons lifetime, but the qualities that make a person an adult can always change depending on the society it is used in.

Strategic management review for SAB Essay Example

Strategic management review for SAB Essay The following strategic review aims at assessing the strategic situation of South African Breweries Group. We will start with an external analysis of the environment in which SAB operates, we will continue with an internal analysis of its resources and capabilities, and then we will outline and appraise the group current strategy. Additionally we will study the companys strategy implementation issues, and we will finish giving some recommendations to SAB. In order to carry out this analysis different analysis tools were used, which are included in the Appendices. In the main body of the report we will only focus on the conclusions we have obtained, hence, if further information about how we got to these findings is required the appendices should be consulted. Different tools were used (Porters five forces, analysis of industrys life cycle, and PEST analysis) in order to assess the environment in which SAB operates. Based on the analysis conducted using Porters five forces (Appendix A) the following was found: the brewing industry in the developed world is not clearly attractive; its performance depends on the ability to consolidate and exploit opportunities in the emerging markets. However, the brewing industry in the emerging markets, where SAB operates, is highly attractive. We have observed good points such as the low level of power within suppliers and buyers, a lack of substitutes, and a relatively low level of rivalry because emerging markets are supplied by small-scaled local brewers offering low quality beer. However, there is a significant threat of new entrants coming from other geographical areas (International breweries). We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic management review for SAB specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic management review for SAB specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic management review for SAB specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We have also analysed the industry life cycle (Appendix B). We have got to the conclusion that the brewing industry in the developed world is in the maturity stage. It is very important for SAB to be aware of this issue, because it means that the market situation will force breweries based in mature markets to look for new opportunities for growth by entering the emerging markets where SAB operates. In the less developed world and in the emerging economies the brewing industry is still in its growth stage. Growth in beer consumption in these markets is driven by an increase in population and economic prosperity which indicates that SAB can achieve its own growth through the growth in the marketplace. The brewing industry is highly fragmented, and the market is supplied by small breweries offering low quality beer, meaning that rivalry between local breweries and SAB is not intense. SAB has successfully captured market share through acquisitions and joint ventures and differentiated its brand portfolio, by offering a high quality beer. However, entry of international competitors is expected to intensify the competition as well as the fight for market share. With the PEST analysis (Appendix C) we outlined how political, economical, social and technological factors affect the company. The emerging market attractiveness (like other markets) is determined by the following: market potential, which is influenced by the market size, market growth prospects and customer preferences. Market growth is clearly correlated to economic growth and wealth distribution. Additionally, economic growth and wealth distribution influence whether customers seek economy or premium beers. Drinking norms and societal attitudes to alcohol consumption also affect market attractiveness. All the above mentioned issues are analysed in order to gain a better understanding of SABs environment. Regarding competitors we do not think we have enough information to get to any relevant conclusions, however, we know the degree of rivalry is likely to increase (international brewers based in mature markets are moving out of their geographic areas to the emerging markets). In order to assess competition, it is critical that SAB recognises the strategic group to which it belongs which is the international breweries strategic group, seeking consolidation and competing for development opportunities throughout the world. It is very important to do a deeper analysis of the competitive landscape; a good study should include the following steps (Porter, 1998): * Identify competitors current strategy. * Identify their future goals. * Identify their assumptions about the company. * Identify their resources and capabilities. This approach provides valuable information, and helps the company predicting competitors moves. At this point we are going to focus on the importance of the Resource-based strategy. It is based on the assumption that the company achieves its competitive advantages by developing a strategy based on its organisational capabilities and the key success factors of the industry; thus, a key issue for SAB is to identify and develop these capabilities in order to achieve a competitive advantage. It is very important to understand the process of turning resources into capabilities and to identify the core competences; those capabilities fundamental to its performance and strategy, done better than its competitors. Resources are inputs into the production process; a capability is the capacity of a team of resources to perform some task or activity. We have identified some resources and capabilities of SAB in (Appendix D); however, the company should do a deeper analysis. It is important to note here that SABs capabilities are not the result of superior resource endowments; however, the key issue here is the firms ability to leverage its resources. SAB has achieved resource leverage using the following fundamental ways: first, concentrating resources on key strategic goals. SAB focuses attention on a few operational goals in the acquired breweries at any one time, and then it moves to other goals. It first focuses on upgrading quality, then comes improvement to marketing and distribution, afterwards, the improvement of productivity and capacity. Second, SAB has used the resources accumulation method to leverage resources. SAB has borrowed the resources of other breweries through acquisitions, and joint ventures (CREB in China), which gave SAB a smooth and quick penetration into the emerging markets. SAB also used the resource conserving method, through the process of recycling resources. The more often SAB expertise in running breweries was used in different emerging markets, the greater the resource leverage was. To conclude, we think SAB has valuable resources and capabilities so as to achieve and maintain competitive advantage in the emerging markets. Nevertheless, the company must investigate at this point whether these capabilities are transferable to the developed world, where it needs to have a major brand according to many commentators. At this point we will define the nature of the strategy carried out by SAB. We will distinguish between the Corporate, the Business and the Functional level, in order to draw a more accurate picture on this issue. Once the strategy is defined, we will use a strategic tool (Rumelts Test) in order to assess the convenience of the strategy. * Corporate Strategy: SAB has developed a strategy of growth in the emerging economies via acquisitions. Its acquisition policy has been acquiring breweries that would increase SABs market share and at the same time could be improved by exploiting synergies and economies of scale. SAB also follows a related diversification strategy in order to spread risk. In addition to the geographic diversification strategy which tends to increase the companys overall profitability, SAB adopted a business diversification strategy by going into the hotel and entertainment business. * Business strategy. The strategy is to differentiate products on the basis of quality, in order to achieve higher market shares than competitors and enhance profit margins through charging slightly higher prices (see Appendix E, The strategy clock). The strategy also includes adjusting to local needs; SAB kept the local brands of acquired breweries. Moreover, the company realised the regional differences in China and treated each region in which it operates as an independent self-contained market. * Functional strategy. The strategy evolves around growth (through sales increase), and costs reduction (automation and modernisation of breweries and large production runs economies of scale). We have used Rumelts Test to assess if the different strategies are appropriate (see Appendix F). It is evident that all strategies are appropriate. However, this does not necessary mean that they can still work in the future, SAB should be aware of changes in environment, demand, strategies of other competitors, etc. Strategy implementation is an action-oriented, operation-driven activity revolving around managing people, within the organizational structure and its culture. At this stage we will identify the structure of the company and the key aspects of its culture. In the case of SAB, limited information was provided about the type of the organizational structure. However, from the analysis conducted in Appendix E, we can define SABs organizational structure. According to Mintzbergs structure configuration analysis (Appendix E), SAB follows a pattern of a divisionalised organization, adopting a geographically based vertical corporate structure for its international operations. Such a structure allows each of its country units or divisions to operate fairly autonomously from the other areas. The key part in this type of organization is the middle line managers. As a strategy for developing countries this is a definite benefit for SAB because it allows it to maintain expertise in each of its different countries. Moreover, this kind of structure is appropriate in market diversity as it spreads risk and reduces setbacks (e.g. setbacks in Mozambique and Tanzania were offset by the growth in China and Poland); it also allows the company to divest from any market easier than functional (machine) structures. However, it is argued that divisions can be seen as less effective than independent businesses. Organization culture: Divisional cultures: the differences between divisions may be particularly evident in organizations that have grown through acquisition (Exploring corporate strategy, Jerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes, 6th Ed, 2002). Having adopted a growth strategy through acquisition, and being a divisionalized organization, SAB has generated a difference in its geographical as well as in its functional divisions, creating subcultures. However, there is one main dominant culture for the whole group. Handy characterized culture in terms of the relationship between the organization and individuals and also the importance of power and hierarchy (Johnson and Scholes, Exploring corporate strategy, 6th Ed, Prentice Hall). Based on Handys analysis, SABs organizational culture could be the closest to the Task Culture seeking to achieve integration and synergy through acquisition. We will closely identify the characteristics of SABs culture by looking at its cultural web (Johnson 1998) these are: * Stories and myths: no information provided. * Rituals and routines: SAB has a consistent high quality brands and services, meeting customers needs (consistency could be considered as an operational routine). * Control system: no information provided. * Organization structure: SABs management structure is decentralized, reflecting its power structure and its divisionalization. Collaboration is very important. * Power structure: SABs power structure is decentralized. While strategic decisions are kept at the head-quarter, the power is not only based in the hands Graham Mackay the CE, but also delegation of the strategic planning is done at other managerial levels, reflecting SABs growth strategy. Moreover, operations in each country are run autonomously. * Symbols: no information provided. * The paradigm: SAB seems to be working not only to maximize long-term shareholders value like any other multi-national organization, but also seeks to maximize all stakeholder value. Moreover, despite the political, racial and economical problems faced in South Africa, SAB unlike other companies, continued to invest where it had initially started showing its commitment. SAB also respects the values and cultures of the communities in which it operates. Differentiation and high quality beer is on of the main key aspects in SABs paradigm.

Important Federal Agencies

Important Federal Agencies Free Online Research Papers In my opinion the three most important law enforcement agencies are our local law enforcement, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Every law enforcement agency plays a huge role and has its importance, but these three are the most important to me. My number one most important agency is the Department of Homeland Security. Our country means so much to the citizens of the United States and making sure it is protected from outside threats. DHS is a new cabinet-level department designed to coordinate federal efforts to protect the United States against domestic and international terrorism. This agency, combined with other agencies protects our borders and customs, transportations and airways. My number two important agency is our local law enforcement agencies. They protect and serve the citizens in our local community and they patrol our streets to help keep citizens safe from criminals. They can also be a positive influence on our communities and our citizens. Having local law enforcement helps to keep the crime controlled in that particular area. My number three important agency is the Federal Bureau of Investigations. The FBI is the primary agency responsible for the enforcement of all federal laws. They investigate crimes that are against federal law, but they are not a police force. The FBI is always there to help state and local agencies investigate crimes and the FBI is known to have the best labs available. These three agencies are so important because they protect the United States, international or domestic and without these agencies we would have to fend for ourselves individually and that could be disastrous. All law enforcement has their importance and responsibility to protect and serve. Research Papers on Important Federal AgenciesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is Art

How to Teach the ACT A Guide for Tutors and Parents

How to Teach the ACT A Guide for Tutors and Parents SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I spent four years as a test-prep tutor, working with students on all aspects of the ACT and SAT. When I started out, I knew how to take the tests, but I wasn't that good at teaching them. Over the years, however, I've learned a lot about how to be an effective teacher, and it's largely not about the kinds of tips and tricks you might expect. This guide will give you all the tools you need to guideyour student through the ACT prep process.Just follow these six steps: Set a Goal Learn the Test Use the BestResources Make a Plan Teach the Strategies Dissect Mistakes Step 1: Determine Your Goals and Challenges This step will vary a lot depending on who you are and who your student is. If you're a parent, sibling or friend, you'll need to determine whether you're qualified to teach this student and what challenges you'll face. If you're a professional or volunteer tutor, you'll want to focus more on the student's own score goals. Are You Qualified? In order to be an effective tutor, you need to be better at the material than your student. If you struggle to explain questions they miss it will undermine herconfidence in you, and if you don't really understand the material you won't be able to diagnose what your student's weaknesses are. A good rule of thumb is that you should be scoring at least 4 points higher than your student. If she is already high-scoring you’ll want to be at or near perfect. If you are not academically-minded or were always bad at standardized tests, don’t try to teach them to someone else. Potential Challenges Your student has to want to improve. It’s impossible to raise your score on the ACT without doing a lot of practice, so you aren’t going to be able to be an effective tutor unless your student is also invested in the process. Encouraging a student to participate in the learning process can be especially tricky if she's a friend or family member. One of my biggest challenges as tutor was working with my cousin. Because we didn’t have the usual student-tutor relationship, it was harder for me to motivate her and hold her to account when she didn’t complete the work that I assigned. Setting a Score Goal Having a goal to work towards is an important motivational tool, so make sure to discuss with your student what score she's hoping to reach. Don’t just assume she needs a 36, since she almost certainly doesn’t. Your student’s goal will depend on what she needs the score for. The score she’ll need as a middle schooler to get into summer programs is very different from what she’ll need as a senior to get into Columbia. Moreover,what score she needs to get into college will depend on where she wants to go. Look into the score ranges at schools she’s interested in to help determine what score she should shoot for. Another consideration is whether your student needs to raise her score as a whole or simply increase her score on one of the sections. A particularly low score on one section (especially math or reading) can count against an application, and some schools and programs have a cut off score for certain sections. Again, it's important to understand what she's planning to use the score for in order to determine what her goal will be. Setting a specific goal (and having a reason for it) will help your student stay focused. Step 2: Familiarize Yourself with the ACT You can’t be an effective teacher if you don’t know anything about the ACT. If you aren't accustomed to tutoring- especially if you applied to college before smartphones were invented- you'll need to spend some time familiarizing yourself with the test. A good first step is to try taking a practice ACT: doing so will help you understand your own strengths and weaknesses as well as how the ACT is formatted and what kinds of skills it tests. I've included some key reminders about what you need to know if you aren't familiar with the test below. Remember that the ACT Is Different from the SAT The ACT’s popularity is relatively recent and somewhat location dependent. If you applied to college before 2000or you went to high school in a state on the east or west coast (rather than in the Midwestor a mountain state), you probably took the SAT. Though both are standardized tests, the current ACT is very different than the older versions of the SAT. For starters, it has English and science sections in addition to the math and reading ones. It also asks different types of questions about slightly different material- for example, there are no vocab questions on the ACT, but there are trigonometry ones. If you're going to tutor the ACT, make sure you know the ACT- don't just assume it's the same as theSAT you took 10 years ago. Know the Format of the ACT It sounds silly, but it’s important make sure you understand what the ACT actually looks like and what kind of questions it asks. The ACT is very different from the type of test students take in high school and you need to understand the test's unique logic and formatin order to guide your student to a higher score. For example, let’s say your student has a low math score, and you know he really struggles with logarithms. You might decide that you should focus on studying logarithms and really practice that skill. This plan sounds logical enough, but itwould actually waste a lot of time because the ACT has at most one logarithm question per test. Unless your student is already scoring a 33 or above on the math, studying logarithms is not an effective use of time. Let's consideranother case: your student is having a hard time with the science section. You might think that it will be helpful to review the science your student has learned in school: go over osmosis and electromagnetism. But the science section doesn't actually test knowledge- it's about reading graphs.Studying science topics won't help your student at all. If you aren't sure what the ACT actually tests, you can use the following guides to learn aboutwhat’s on each section: English Reading Math Science Step 3: Gather the Best Resources If there was one lesson I learned as a tutor, it was that bad materials make it very difficult to tutor effectively. When practice questionshave errors or look nothing like the the questions on the actual ACT, students end up confused or frustrated and, worse, lose some of their trust in you. To avoid these issues, the best plan is to use official practice materials whenever possible and, if necessary, supplement them with high quality books. Official Practice Tests Official ACTs will be the backbone of any tutoring program. Practicing with real tests will give students the best idea of what to expect on test day. There are a number of official ACTs available for free online. You can also purchase The Real ACT Guide, which includes extraofficial tests. Best General Books Though The Real ACT Guideprovides a lot of great practice material, it doesn't include much in the way of strategies or content review. As such,you'll likely need other materials assupplements (though it will depend on your approach as a tutor and the strengths and weaknesses of your student). One great resource is the ACT Black Book by Mike Barret. This book lays out how to think effectively about the test and can really help students understand how the ACT is different from the tests they take in school. It includes some of the best strategies, but it also lacks math andEnglishcontent review, which many students will need. For more info about these books and others, check out our round-upofthe best ACT prep books and our list of best books for intensive ACT study. You might also consider taking a look at our free online ACT guides, including the 5 strategies you must be using and how to get a 36. Best Section Books If your student needs particular help on one of the sections, consider getting a book specific to that topic. There are fewer of these specialized options for the ACT than there are for the SAT, but there are still some great options. We also have free guides to each section, which include some of the best, most comprehensive info anywhere. English Our complete guide to thebest ACT Englishbookscan help you pick out the best option for your student. Our Ultimate Guide to ACT English Math We recommendRichard Corn'sUltimate Guide to the Math ACTfor most students. Our CompleteGuide to ACT Math Reading For reading, we generally recommend Erica Meltzer's Complete ACT Reading. Our Ultimate PrepGuide to ACT Reading Science There aren't any really great ACT Science books, though Barron's ACT 36 can be helpful for high scoring students. Our Complete Guide to ACT Science Good resources are worth their weight in gold (not literally). Step 4: Make a Plan Once you know your goals and have the materials you need, sit down with your student and work up a full plan for how you're going to get her to the score sheneeds by the test dateshe's signed up for. ACT prep is one of the easiest things to procrastinate- because it's spread out over such a long period, it's easy to put off until the very last minute- but studying is most effective when it occurs over months, not days. As a tutor, one of your most important roles is making sure your student stays on track. Let's go over some ways to achieve that. Establisha Schedule First, figure out when your student is going to take the test. Then plan out what needs to get done between now and then: most students benefit from roughly 40 hours of studying- it will depend on the student how much of that is tutoring and how much is independent work, but all students should take at least three full practice tests. Set a specific time for your lesson each week. I generally prefer to meet with students once a week, butif you'reon a tight schedule you can certainly do twice a week. With more than two lessons per week,most students will quickly get burned out and frustrated. If you're working with a student who you only see that one time each week, then you'll needto give homework, either extra practice questions or material review, depending on the student's needs and weaknesses. As a parent or sibling, you probably won't be able to convince your student to do extra homework, so instead set aside an extra time during the week for them to study on their own. Prioritize When deciding how to approach the material, it's helpful to have a system: are you going to tackle one section at a time? Break them up into individual skills and mix things up a bit? Have your student practice each type of question and hone in on what's tripping himup about it? Each of these approaches can work- it really depends on how your student learns best. Then decide where you're going to start. I like to begin by tacklinga student's weakest sections, because that's often where they have the most room for improvement. But every student is different. Some may only need to raise a specific section score. Some may already know a lot about the ACTand mostlyneed to review the material it tests. Others will need you to start with the very basics like format and scoring. Set Expectations ACT prep is easy to put off and avoid, but it’s impossible for students to improve without dedicated practice. A big part of your job as a tutor is keeping your student motivated. Talk to your student about how much work she'llneed to do and when it needs to be completed. Remind herwhy the ACT is important. Hold herto your schedule. Ideally, your plan will be less complicated than this one. Step 5: Discuss Strategies So far I've talked mostly about the big picture of how to set up an successfulstudent-tutor relationship, but now I want to go into a bit more depth about how to be a really effective teacher of the material. To succeed on the ACT, students need to have a systematic approach to each section. These overall strategiesare often what students expect to learn when they start tutoring, and although they aren't the be all, end all of learning about the ACT, these kinds of tips are still important. Below are some guides to key strategies for each section to get you thinking about the types of ideasyou might want to cover. You'll also want to diagnose any content weaknesses for English and math. English How to approach the English passages: This guide explains the best methods for reading the ACT English passages- have your student try each and determine which works best for her. 5 critical concepts: This article covers a number of general ACT English strategies like using grammar rules (not your ear) to determine the answer and not rushing through the questions. What's actually covered on ACT English: Go over this list with your student to help determine if there are any topics she's especially unfamiliarwith. Math Hownot to run out of time on ACT Math: The math section includes a lot of questions, and students will need to move quickly. This guide offers tips to help students manage time effectively. 31 must know formulas: Unlike the SAT, the ACT doesn't provide the formulas you need to know. This list lays out all the formulas your student needs to memorize to ace the ACT math. How to plug in answers: Make sure your student understands the most efficient way to plug-and-chug. How to plug in numbers: This strategy will help your student approach questions that ask about abstract variables and unknown quantities. Reading How to read the passages: It's vital that students have a plan for efficiently reading the passages. This guide outlines the most effective methods. The #1 rule for ACT Reading: A common mistake students make on ACT Reading is overthinking the questions. This guide explains why that will give you the wrong answer. How to stop running out of time on ACT Reading: Time management is one of the trickiest parts of the ACT reading- this guide can help with it. Science ACT Science isn't really about science: This article explains how students can use the fact that ACT Science is really a reading test to their advantage. How to approach the science passages: As with English and reading, students must know how to approach the passages systematically- this guide explains the most effective way to do so. Step 6: Dissect Mistakes ACT questions follow certain patterns: look at enough tests and you'll see that the test writers ask the same kind of questions over and over again. The best way to get a feel for the style of those questions is to do a lot of practice, so as I mentioned above you should have your students regularly practice with real ACT questions. Of course, it's not enough to simply assign the work, you also need to discuss the questions your student misses. Your role as a tutor isn't just to say, "Bis the rightanswer"- it's to help your student understand why they gotthe questionwrong and how they can avoid missing similar ones in the future. For more details on how to effectively go overmissed questions, take a look at our guide to reviewing mistakes. The keys to unlocking your student's potential. Review: 3 Key Tutoring Tips The specifics of what you cover and how you work on it will depend a lot on you and your student, but there are a few big picture ideas that every tutor should keep in mind. Be Organized Students take their cues from you. If you aren't on top of the material and don't seem to have a plan, they'll pick up on your lack of preparation and feel less confident in your knowledge. Make sure you have a clear plan for everything you're going to cover, since this will help you feel prepared as well as giving you the chance to prepare for lessons ahead of time. However, leave yourself some extra time for reviewing tricky topics and answering your student's questions. It's impossible to predict exactly what students will need help with, and it's important to be responsive to their concerns. Motivation is Key I can't overstate the importance of practice: students won't improve if they don't put the work in. As such, it's vital that you motivate your student to do the work you assign. In some cases, this will be easy (I've had students who actually requested extra homework), but in others you will need to really emphasizewhy the practice is important and how it will help your student reach her goals. They Don't Call It a Standardized Test for Nothing As a tutor, I've found that my greatest strength is an encyclopedic knowledge of the ACT. The test includes the same kinds of questions again and again, so once you really know the different styles of questions and different topics they cover you can explain just about any permutation. I gained this knowledgeover years of tutoring, but even if you're just starting out, you can use the fact that the ACT is standardized to your advantage. Go over official tests carefully and look for patterns in the questions. Remember that because the test is standardized there is only ever one indisputably correct answer. Help your student understand both what will and whatwon't be covered by the test. Further Reading I've listed tons of helpful resources throughout this article. If you're looking for more ACT prep content, you can also explore all of our posts using the topics listed in the right column. If the test is just around the corner and you're pressed for time, make sure to go over these last-minute study tips with your student. For parents: check out these guides to help you determinewhat the best study format for your childwill be. A tutor?Self-study? An online program? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Journal 6 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal 6 - Coursework Example Critical to note is the use of grammar. Every aspect of the written work has to ensure that the grammar is above board and can make sense in the context for which it is used. Punctuation marks form the biggest building block when writing in English. Virtually every sentence has to be effected with a punctuation mark. Some sentences would either have more meaning when punctuation is used. Consequently, a sentence that has no punctuations or is not well punctuated could lose meaning completely (Hopper et al., 56). English language is very dynamic and diverse with writing styles and formats being introduced every single day. One therefore needs to undertake in reading and learning the writing skills as appropriate. In this manner, one ids able to improve on the writing procedures and the critical issues that are basically involved in producing an English paper. Writing in English is not very difficult, but requires constant practice and reading many books with simple English. Through this, one is able to improve from time to time with respect of writing in proper English (Hopper et al.,

Clinical use of Forgiveness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Clinical use of Forgiveness - Research Paper Example motes healthy interpersonal relations as it makes it easier people to get along with each other in good spirit and with no grudges held against one another (Braaten and Darling, 1962). It is based on such studies that the current research paper is being conducted as a means of using quantitative strategies and data collection approaches to test the validity of this position held in literature. But more importantly, the researcher holds the position that before the benefits of forgiveness can be experienced there must first be a means by which forgiveness can take place. In the light of this, the study also focuses on selected factors that can influence the ability of people to forgive each other. On the whole, the study comes as a two-way approach which first focuses on factors that bring about forgiveness and the outcome of forgiveness. To do this, a various sample sizes made up of people with some level of religious background and those with no religious backgrounds were set. The reason for doing this was to measure religiosity and its impact on affecting a person to be forgiving. There were different outcomes that were measured in the various sample groups. These included behavior, affect and cognition. Later in the study, the findings of the intervention on its ability to lead to forgives and the outcome of such interventions are presented and discussed. It is widely known that religiosity and forgiveness have a positive impact on an individual’s psychological, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Numerous studies have attested to the fact that religiosity and forgiveness moderate the growth of suicidal ideation, especially for adolescents. However, even though these correlations are well-documented further research is still needed in this area because of some major gaps in the literature, like the use of cross-cultural methods in examining the correlation between forgiveness and suicidal ideation. Therefore, this study formulated three hypotheses,

Britain is a sexist society Essay Example for Free

Britain is a sexist society Essay Sexism is prejudice or animosity towards gender, institutionally or personally. The term is most often used for women, but it is generally aimed for all genders. In the United Kingdom, in the past few years 72% of women claimed they got abused due to their workplaces. Compared to 67% in 2002, 72% of women said yes, when asked; if they had ever felt intimidated at work by a fellow employee. Even with these results, 81% of the women said that they would not report these cases to their managers because they would be shy or worried. In addition, they believe that being female harmed their chances of career progression (82%) in 2006, compared to 78% in 2002 because males are the dominant office culture. The main reasons that sexism takes place is because one gender will feel another gender is weaker and not as successful as another. They will feel as if they have not got the ability e. g: workplaces without giving them any chance to prove themselves. This is clearly a stubborn and an ignorant way to treat people. Sexism is certainly taking place in the UK and there are numerous ways, which denotes that sexism does manifest in this country, such as: making prejudice statements and using offensive terms. In addition there was someone paying you less because of gender, this would be sexism. If you make friends and talk to more people based on their personality, this will help fight sexism and also joining anti-sexist campaigns will help the community.

Technological Frontier :: essays research papers

America has been a country full of optimism, perseverance, and freedom of ideas and beliefs. The frontier- a mental or physical area where much remains to be done- is a belief that has and still propels and influences America today. The technological frontier is probably the most influenced by the frontier belief. There is always room for better in technology. The technological advancements in the past 50 years outnumber the amount advancements from the beginning of time up to 50 years ago. Technological advancements have made it easier to for humans to live and adapt to their universe. Technology has expanded exponentially from the beginning of time until the 90's. In the 90's technological advancements have taken off at a higher exponential rate. For every frontier that appears to be complete, a new frontier has opened up and is unsolved. The frontier consists of branches that have branches themselves, resembling a tree. The frontier is far from ending, if there is an ending. Duri ng this rapid technological advancement period where we are trying to fulfill that long-term, near perfect technology, there have been short-term constraints in technology that have and will continue to open new branches in technology. Engineers have been trained to discover new technologies that enhance human life by designing new products and things that make life easier and safer for everyone. Engineers are obligated to use their skills, intelligence and apply their knowledge to promote human welfare. An example of this has been the advancement of communications. Instead of sending a letter to a family member or loved one by pony express, now one can send mail in just seconds through e-mail. This technological advancement makes it easier and better to communicate that is satisfying to humans. These advancements in the long term will have small constraints, but in the short term there're broader constraints and limits. Email about five years ago could only be accessed through internet service providers such as: AOL, Prodigy, CompuServe, TexasNet, and institution accounts. Now email can be retrieved and sent over the internet without having these big name internet service providers. There are now services like Yah oo, Hotmail, Rocketmail, and Juno that offer free email accounts over the web for any one. Within the past few years, technology has allowed email users to send voice and video emails, which was impossible before. Email still has delays ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes when you send your email over the internet.

History of Mauritius

Mauritius was discovered by the Portuguese in 1507 and was later occupied by the Dutch, from 1598 up until 1710. In 1715, it came into the possession of the East India Company and in 1767, that of the King of France, who christened it ‘Ile de France'. Captured by the British in 1810 and then acknowledged by the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the British allowed the French settlers to use their language and their civil code. Many of the settlers remained and made up a group of Franco-Mauritian important property owners and businessmen. The sugar cane cultivations first developed with the African and Malagasy slaves. Following the abolition of slavery in 1835, the important landowners turned their attention to an influx of indentured Indian labourers, a large number of whom settled on the island. The island remained a British colony until its independence on 12th March 1968, under the presidency of Dr Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. The Dutch period~ The Dutch first arrived on the island in 1516, but was unable to colonise it as the slaves that had been brought over from Africa ran away into the mountains upon their arrival. They were the first fugitive slaves in Mauritius. In 1641, the Dutch developed the slave trade, with slaves from Madagascar, in the hope of securing a return on their installation in Mauritius. In spite of this, only a few Malagasy slaves were brought to Mauritius during the Dutch occupation. In 1598, a Dutch squadron landed on the island under the orders of the Admiral Wybrand Van Warwick. It was then that the island was named Mauritius, after the Prince Mauritius Van Nassau of Holland. Instead of expanding the colony, the Dutch contented themselves with devastating the fauna (which led to the extinction of the dodo) and the flora that caused the extinction of ebony wood. However, they introduced sugar cane and imported Java deer. They left the island along with their slaves in 1710, following severe droughts and devastation caused by the cyclones. The French colonisation~ Abandoned by the Dutch, Mauritius became a French colony when, in 1715, Guillaume Dufresne d'Arsel landed on its shores and named it â€Å"Ile de France. † The first pioneers arrived in 1721, when the island was administered by the East India Company (1722 to 1767). This Company was founded by Louis XIV and Colbert to compete with the other European countries. In the hope of earning money, he was granted a trade monopoly cross the Indian Ocean for 50 years. About a hundred slaves from Senegal and Guinea arrived in Ile de France at the beginning of the colonisation period, notably between 1721 and1735. Following the request of Colbert, the kingdom's state adviser, slavery was legalized on the 28th August 1670 in France. In the West Indies, slavery quickly ensured the economic prosperity of its regions. The famous black code was proclaimed in March 1685, under the order of Louis XIV. It was aimed to develop and ease the slavery system and specified the duties of the masters and the slaves. However, the black code, established in all of the West Indies and in French Guinea, was seldom respected by the owners. In 1723, the Mascarene Islands adopted the famous black code and the letters of patent of Louis XIV in the form of an edict. They were recorded in the town of Saint-Paul in Ile Bourbon (Reunion Island) on the 18th September 1724, by the supreme adviser. As of 1725, this led to the arrival of thousands of slaves, mainly from Madagascar and East Africa, to cultivate the coffee and spice plantations. This labour seemed necessary in order to allow the East India Company to pursue the economic expansion of the Indian Ocean.

Children’s Health Fund

CHF began as an idea and then evolved into a large program. Dr. Redlener wanted to be part of the healthcare solution, not contributing to the problem. (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin and Perkins, 2012). Delivering medical care to rural areas, working earthquake relief and other noteworthy deeds made Dr. Redlener realize that with some support he could help the under privileged. (Brown, et. al, 2012). After reading the case study, I realized that mobile medical clinics will always be needed. I have worked Hurricane cleanup and know that mobile food trucks, mobile Laundromats, showers and medical care is needed immediately. Mobile medical units would give volunteers the equipment needed to treat people in need during natural disasters and to the under privilaged. At the same time mobile medical clinics could be used to assist in the growing AIDS epidemic, early detection of breast cancer, teen pregnancy, drug addiction, and assist in the number one health problem in the United States, obesity. Challenges facing CHF is how to provide expert medical care to under privileged individuals living in rural areas, homeless shelters, and poverty stricken areas. These challenges include continuation of funding, access to accurate patient medical records, limitations in telecommunications networks and medical databases, and healthcare providers. So what is the solution to getting expert medical care to the under privileged? More mobile medical clinics and stationary clinics located within the needed areas? However, then we encounter the issue of cost. I see the solution as having medical students serve part of their residency or their training by assisting in the mobile medical clinics. If this was part of their training, then CHF cut their budget by not having to pay for all the provider services. An advantage is free labor, but a disadvantage is they are not fully trained, which could be detrimental to the cause. Retired doctors and nurses who want to work a few days a week would be a great asset while letting them keep up their skills. The risks that I see with either of these solutions is that the interns have not completed their training and the older group may not be as techno savvy as they need to complete the tasks. Allocations from the government would help with some of the financial aspects. The rest would have to come from private donations. However, the implementation of state and federal legislation will bring medical coverage to an additional 30 million uninsured Americans. I don’t believe that private donations and federal and state funding will cover all the under privileged we currently have and then to add an additional 30 million will only add to the burden of funding. Our government is cutting the budget currently, so any money from state or federal funding may not last for long. The Affordable Care Act is changing the way health care is paid. Hospitals will have to embrace innovation to cut costs and deliver quality medical care. Hospitals, clinics, and doctors need to work together with the public to advocate needed changes in respect to reimbursements and privacy issues. I believe that the new HITECH regulations will provide the accurate patient files that are needed to provide the best care possible. Innovations in technology will soon solve the problems with limitations in telecommunications networks. Embracing new technology will allow providers access to patient records and accurate accounting of current treatments. Taking the time to learn all this new technology may be challenging at first but will reward both providers and patients as time passes. Currently the government has been granting hospitals and clinics millions of dollars to upgrade existing medical technology and IT programs. A central database will reduce duplication of patient’s records, treatments, billing and other medical services. Security is the biggest disadvantage that has Americans worrying about who will be allowed to see their medical history. I don’t feel this is any more insecure than banking online or purchasing merchandise. Databases from the federal government to credit card companies have been hacked. We just have to believe that our information will be safeguarded. Are there newer more affordable network communications solutions that should be tried? Cloud computing, social networks and big data analytics are innovations that can help network communications now by lowering cost, improving outcomes and increasing access to medical care. (mHealth, 2012). Watch any commercial and you will see that technology innovations are growing by leaps and bounds. No sooner do you purchase a Smartphone or computer when something ewer comes out. Medical residents who use new technology, such as tablets are more efficient, they save about an hour a day and treatments and prescriptions are ordered earlier. (Hyek, n. d. ). The use of mobile devices to access medical records, check real-time vital signs or test results translates into direct improvement in treatment and outcomes. (mHealth, 2012). The invention and innov ation of faster, cheaper, portable, and more powerful computers make it an affordable solution to communications. Physicians on call can receive images and start the treatment before they arrive at the hospital. The time saved using portable devices will make hospital staffs more efficient, treatment quicker, and save lives. CHF should upgrade their systems with portable devices that are smaller, faster and works in remote areas. Will the federal government’s HITECH stimulus funds and Meaningful Use standards lead to better software integration solutions? Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Ace (HITECH) is a government program established to advance the use of health information technology to save lives and reduce costs. (Blumenthal, 2010). The HITECH stimulus will definitely lead to better software. Incentive bonuses are being provided to providers who meet the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) adoption. (Blumenthal, 2010). Medical practices of the future will have to use EHR to stay in practice. Providers currently have their own systems of electronic health records but they are not connected to other providers, clinics or hospitals. As a military Soldier our medical history is linked. We still hand carry our medical records from duty station to duty station, but the system will allow my current doctor to see tests and reports from my last duty assignment. The problem is that if I’m sent to a civilian medical facility for additional tests, it is not entered into our system and I have to request paper copies of the documents. It will take some time but I do believe that HITECH will eventually evolve into a nationwide program that will link all patient data. This will ensure that patients are no longer over medicated or jumping from doctor to doctor to get their next fix of prescription drugs. A National Health Information Network (NHIN) is being developed to facilitate the exchange of health information among EHRs. HITECH is a complex health information system for the 21st-century but will continue to evolve as it is implemented, but will require the support and patience of providers and patients to be successful. (Blumenthal, 2010). â€Å"The HITECH Act’s programs strive to create an electronic circulatory system for health information that nourishes the practice of medicine, research, and public health, making health care professionals better at what they do and the American people healthier. † (Blumenthal, 2010, para 17). Will the increase in software adoptions at physician offices make it more difficult for him to retain his staff? I believe that the increase of software adoptions will make it difficult for doctors to retain their staff. The military has become much computerized, what use to take several clerks to handle can now be completed by one clerk. Yes, we got rid of some clerks but had to train Soldiers in information technology to resolve issues and problems. Providers will need less staff to schedule, change or cancel appointments, but will need to hire employees proficient in computers. Each employee will experience different views on implementing new technology. . (Rivers, Blake, & Lindgren n. d. ). Some will welcome the changes as a way to acquire additional knowledge, while others may see this as an intrusion into their routine. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). Providers will be able to electronically transmit prescriptions from their desk to the pharmacy. Technology can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care. Wireless headsets allow nurses to answer phones no matter where they are. My dad is receiving in home health care and they bring a laptop to chart his progress, once back at their office, they send the chart to the doctor, which is saving valuable time. Providers use technology daily in the form of personal data assistants (PDAs), tablets, and Smartphone’s. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). These devices eradicate duplicate charting, test for drug interactions, compute dosages, schedule procedures, order medicine and computerize other clinical duties, therefore reducing the possibility of errors and increasing patient wellbeing. Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). What combination of conditions could emerge that render the mobile medical clinic model obsolete? The biggest thing that could render mobile medical clinics obsolete is the use of mobile networks to enhance healthcare (mHealth). Help from technology megatrends, such as social networking, cloud computing and big data analytics will transform global health care. (mHealth, 2012). â€Å"The evolving mHealth vis ion is patient-centric but with information services and data analytics at its core. † (mHealth, 2012, P. 7, para 2). Mobile phone applications will have the ability to collect, store, analyze and upload environmental and personal data to healthcare providers to assist in illness prevention and treatment. (FREng, Sherrington, Dicks, Gray, and Chang, 2011). mHealth would allow patients to be monitored from home to avoid hospital or residential stays which might lower health costs. (FREng, et. al, 2011). The increased awareness and attention to prevention, education, and wellness will produce patients with fewer medical issues and knowledge of their medical history. Mobile networks are continually upgrading their data capacity which includes high-resolution images, video and large file exchanges. (FREng, et. al, 2011). We use our smart phones for banking, trading stocks, finding the cheapest gas, and now we want to make doctor appointments, pay the doctors bill and access our medical records. In 2011, over 44 million health-related medical applications were downloaded. (Hyek, 2012. ). Smart mobility is now enabling patients to control our electronic medical records while incorporating wellness and fitness applications into our lifestyle. (mHealth, 2012).

The treasure in the forest Essay Example

The treasure in the forest Essay Example The treasure in the forest Paper The treasure in the forest Paper Essay Topic: Treasure Island The story takes place during Victorian times at the peak of the BRITISH EMPIRE. The idea of the White British men seeking out new land to colonise, obtain resources and potentially slaves. However this wasnt the goal of this band of explorers, it was to seek out lost Spanish treasure for self gain. The two men were named Evans and Hooker. The location wasnt known as it was virgin land but it was somewhere off China in Pacific Asia. It was isolated and uninhabited, the land was comprised by small and medium sized islands. They span over great distances with minor and vast sized gaps of separation. The explorers entered the barrier of coral surrounding the island through a gap that was a small river. They trailed the river inside to the white sanded beaches they saw a thick forest. This may have been similar sight to the type of palm tree seen by the Victorian explorers in India or somewhere in Africa. The foliage of the trees was similar to a fluffy bright cloud. It created an almost awe inspiring scene, there was a clear view through the virgin forest. The rose like mountains, the beautiful sights, the appearance of the sea was calm and still yet blazing with light. The sun was shining with overt generosity like a zenith furnace, the land of the rising sun. It was silent, the only noise was from the deep blue sea crashing against the coral and the rocks. The air was filled with warm moisture and the cool Pacific sea breeze simultaneously. They were floating into a lagoon while observing the map and discussing it. They were exhausted and didnt feel the exaltation that they were expecting as a reward for the last leg of their endeavour. Hooker was rowing while Evans closed his eyes slightly and fell into a daze. He could see a dark part of the forest and where it was empty he hallucinated. It was nighttime and he saw three figures, a fire burning on one side and moonlight on the other side. The middle figure a cross with red, silver and black in colour. He heard them speaking in pigeon English, this was very strange to him. He saw the Spanish galleon that had run aground and the diseased and weary men take their boats and leave. He then saw Chang-hi come across the Spanish ingots and go away to bury them. This was the secret information Evans needed, the exact location of the treasure. He sees heaps of gold and tries to reach for it but Chang-hi was stopping him and then he threatens Evans. Evans dream becomes irrational as Chang-hi`s pigtail appears in his hand and is getting larger along with the rest of his body. The heaps of gold ablaze in front of his eyes, the very thing he was searching for. Then a giant devil like creature filled his mouth with coals, he was severely burned. He heard another devil shout Evans, Evans you sleepy fool! It was Hooker shouting, they were at the mouth of the lagoon. They got off and onto the bay of the lagoon. Hooker turned the canoe upside down and used it like a knife to cut their way trough the green tangled vines and brushes that surrounded them. The environment they had entered was alien to them in almost every way. The strange trees, tall grass, flowers and plants were all unnamed to them. They saw a figure among the trees, it was in an unnatural position. They both drew nearer, it was a blue coloured chinaman. This was a shock to both as they had a foreboding feeling that this was Chang-chi. They saw a hole was already dug up and thought to themselves about what was here and the fact that some one else had been here already. They went inwards and they discovered the gold ingots, Evans picked them up with his bare hands and got a thorn stuck in his thumb. He didnt realise the danger at the time and continued. They were arguing about what should be done with Chang-chis body, Hooker wanted to bury the body but Evans wanted to just let it stay there. They eventual decided to leave the body and take a few gold ingots as they couldnt take any more weight. They carried the ingots in a stretcher type contraption using Evans jacket. Suddenly Evans let his half of the jacket drop and grabbed his throat, he went against a tree and said, itll be alright in a minute. He cried out in pain and fell to the floor crouching on his side, he was moving rashly and spasmodically. Hooker knew the plant, he had seen a tribe of jungle people use it as poison in their blow darts. Evans told Hooker to take the ingots and get out of there, Hooker packed up the ingots into Evans jacket. While he was doing this he felt a little prick on the ball of his thumb, he pulled the thorn out and endeavoured in vain to suck the poison out, there was nothing he could do for Evans or himself. Hooker never really thought about Chang-chi but he thought what the map had said, my secret is well guarded. Hooker knew finally what he had meant by this and just imagined his grin while looking at his companion. Evans who was twitching like a fish on dry land with its last breath at any moment and Hooker crouched while sitting could do nothing more than become statues of failure in their dire hour.

Media Vocabulary for English Learners

Media Vocabulary for English Learners Media plays an important role is everyone’s life. The vocabulary related to media is rich and extremely varied. Essentially, there are two main types of media-related vocabulary: vocabulary related to printed word and vocabulary related to the spoken word as used in broadcasts either on radio, TV or through the internet.   Study the vocabulary below and then take the gap fill quiz to check your understanding of some of the terms. Use these tips on learning vocabulary to help you remember the words on this list. You’ll find answers at the bottom of the article.   Types of Printed Media JournalMagazineNewspaperTabloid Types of News ArticleEditorialColumnReviewBreaking newsNews bulletin Newspaper / Magazine Sections InternationalPoliticsBusinessOpinionTechnologyScienceHealthSportsArtsStyleFoodTravel Types of Advertising CommercialNative AdvertisementAdSpotAdvertainmentBillboardSponsored   People in Print ColumnistCopy editorEditorJournalistEditorialistCopy-editorPaparazzi People on Television AnnouncerAnchor(person / man / woman)ReporterWeather(person / man / woman)Sports / Weather reporterAssignment reporter People Consuming Media ConsumersTarget audienceDemographic Media Type TVCablePublic TelevisionRadioOnlinePrint Other Related Words and Phrases Public service announcementPrime timeEmbeddedBy-lineScoop Media Quiz Use each word or phrase once to fill in the gaps. editorials, by-line, scoops, prime time, public service announcement, embedded reporters, paparazzi sponsors, copy editor, target audience, anchormen and anchorwomen, journals, tabloids, public TV, cable TV, billboard There’s no doubt that the media plays a huge role in everyone’s lives these days. From driving down the freeway and seeing a _____________ to looking at photos of celebrities taken by the _________ in the _________ at your local supermarket, everyone is someone’s ______________ for advertising. One way to avoid advertising is by watching ___________. However, there are also ____________ for these TV stations. If you watch ____________ during ____________, you’ll be bombarded with ads.Some media isn’t so bad. For example, you can subscribe to a quarterly academic ______________. The articles are reviewed by a _____________, so the writing is excellent. In newspapers, check the _____________ on articles, so you can follow the authors online. Another idea is to read _____________ to get important opinions on trending news. Some TV stations also have great news coverage, including _______________ that visit war zones to cover the news on the scene. You can get an overview of the day’s news by listening to the ___________ cover the stories of the day. Some TV channels get a ___________ if they’re the only on reporting on a story. Finally, you can also depend on TV stations to provide ___________________ in case of an emergency. Media Quiz Answers There’s no doubt that the media plays a huge role in everyone’s lives these days. From driving down the freeway and seeing a billboard to looking at photos of celebrities taken by the papparazzi in the tabloids at your local supermarket, everyone is someone’s target audience for advertising. One way to avoid advertising is by watching public TV. However, there are also sponsors for these TV stations. If you watch cable TV  during primetime, you’ll be bombarded with ads.Some media isn’t so bad. For example, you can subscribe to a quarterly academic journals. The articles are reviewed by a copy editor so the writing is excellent. In newspapers, check the by-line on articles, so you can follow the authors online. Another idea is to read editorials to get important opinions on trending news. Some TV stations also have great news coverage, including embedded reporters that visit war zones to cover the news on the scene. You can get an overview of the d ay’s news by listening to the anchormen and anchorwomen cover the stories of the day. Some TV channels get a scoop  if they’re the only on reporting on a story. Finally, you can also depend on TV stations to provide public service announcements in case of an emergency.

Orientalism and Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Orientalism and Multiculturalism - Essay Example Certain groups whose aims are equitable with greed and power develop means to create an inferior group and attempts to uplift their in their own context an "acceptable behavior". As efforts to conquer other nations and discover communities beyond one's own reached its peak, colonialism reached its height that further extended the gap between people of different cultures. The East-West contrast soon evolved that transformed relativistic emphasis as a means to identify cultural similarities and differences with regard to local region and culture. Technological advancement has pushed critical viewpoints that greatly sensationalized views of dominion and submission; of the perpetrator and victimization creating political issues concurrently escalating in present day conflicts. Societal mechanisms that involved racism has been used and probably politically and culturally abused to blame the West for the existence of discrimination and to integrate cultures to fight for their supreme right. These changes brought about by globalization in the 19th century has identified exotic stereotyping of cultural behavior that has often associated the West with their classical views that Said (1980) exposed in a critique as an affront against other minority cultures. The Eastern side has also criticized Western values that are often associated with materialism where Said criticized its failure to give meaning to individual's lives. Discipline, being an important aspect of western emphasis has been equated with civilized behavior and labeling of human's knowledge that segregated underdeveloped cultures according to Foucault (1979). Further, Foucault added that such eugenics has theorized discipline that pervades the Victorian sentiments pervading in the western society. The apparent stereotyping from both sides and critical claims has created events that affected the interrelationship between each side. Religion With the spread of Christianity, western dominions over eastern religious beliefs that glorify Arab culture were seen as substandard and ignorant. The Roman Catholic Church's hierarchical insistence of power over religious beliefs has further delegated eastern religion as not harmonious because of the many facets embraced by the number of multicultural beliefs in the eastern bloc.Attempts to consider varied beliefs have seen Zizek's insistence against the multiculturalists' true position of universality in religious practice. The chasm is further widened as open and critical western viewpoints allowed the Islamic faith to stand and rally against factions that has questioned their religious affiliation. More recently, open disrespect by Europe to Prophet Muhammad has raised hardened Muslim hearts to declare antagonism against their critics. Such western attitude among others toward Middle-east's age-old culture and practice has brought about the continuing wars and conflicts that are better left to their respective factions to find a settlement amongst them in contrast to Zizek's constant defense of the revolutionary act as the pure and only alternative against war and cruelty. Arts, Literature and Academe In the field of arts, music, literature and science a plethora of great authors and poets are the pride of the Western culture that magnifies Shakespeare's works and influenced modern

Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Identity - Essay Example Therefore, our identity is then defined by how we think we fit in to the world around us, and how we feel we stand out (positively/ negatively). Our culture, beliefs and they way our parents have provided us upbringing shapes our thoughts and perception of the situation and hence the world around us. We are a part of the culture that is followed in a country to which we belong, the language we speak the religion we follow the beliefs we acquire through ancestry. This together culminates to a civilization, our ethnicity and no culture can influence it. The way we are presented in the society ascertain and formulate our identity. Our behavior, our communication skills become our tools that enable us to survive and prosper. Our customs and traditions which we follow define our integrity and values we have in our lives. They are the aids of social interaction and do provide an individual a distinctive identity. Therefore identity is personal, social and ethnic and the personality that is shaped out of this is an amalgamation of all these convictions. Thus, establishing one's identity can be both a liberating and an oppressive occurrence as separation from any one of these parameters directly influences the identity and personality of the individual. For e.g. 1. Children who have been separated from their family or country of origin due to migration may become perplexed about their personal and social identities. They experience a number of moves, been cared for by different people in different places, lost important contacts and relationships from their past, been separated from family, friends and their ethnic and cultural networks. 2. Adopted child has some different personality especially those who are from diverse cultural backgrounds or have some kind of disability. Feeling or being made to feel different is a major issue for children who have been adopted. For the adopted child, the stigma of not living with their birth family, living as a cultural or ethnic minority and becoming accustomed to what it means to be adopted are lifelong adjustments. 3. Similar kind of stigma is felt by the children of the prisoners and those who commit punishable offence. Parent's deed affects the individuality of the child and provides a social aloofness, this make the child unique and shapes the personality of a child in a different perspective. The child may start hating the family/ society or parents or cultivate some kind of criminal psyche within the premature mind. 4. Children of the broken marriage also face identity crisis and are confused. They feel ashamed to talk about the disputes their parents have undergone resulting in unsuccessful marriage. It inculcates the seeds of insecurity in the child's mind and changes the psychology of the child. The child does not gain trust on any one and any kind of relationship throughout the life. This is the way personality is changed and shaped. 5. Parents undergoing the phase of mourning after divorce establishes a new sense of self and hence a new sense of identity. It is established that in a long-term marriage, each individual's sense of self-identity becomes tied to the other person and indeed to the marriage itself. Following a broken marriage, each person must reach back into his or her early experience and find other images and

FinalTake-Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FinalTake-Home Exam - Essay Example This urban phenomenon is actually the effect of the larger American policies of relating the nation’s economic structure with the global economy. In the decades following the 1970s, huge corporate owners and multimillionaires have encouraged the fall of â€Å"Fordist-Keynesian model of accumulation† and have witnessed the growth of â€Å"neoliberal-globalization† model (Arena, 2012, p.xx). In order to cope with increasing globalization, the ultra rich class has used the tactics of stripping the urban areas of poverty and low-income classes. The idea was to shift the base of production to low wage areas in the south of the U.S. In these areas, business activities are not dictated by labor unions and also there are close ties between state and local governments. Thus, the brunt of gentrification has been endured by the worker class since wages have declined sharply. On the other hand, the benefits fell on the affluent population of American cities. Gentrification h as essentially hindered the growth of production center as the focus was on expanding the service sector. During the second half of the twentieth century, the industrial areas of American cities were transformed into centers of urban amenities like hotels, restaurants, malls and so on. Thus, wealth began to get accumulated in the hands of the ultra rich making them even richer at the expense of poorer urban community. The author has explored the political struggles in New Orleans that occurred as a result of privatization of public housing. From 1960s onwards the U.S. federal government played a vital role for providing housing provisions at affordable rents, and for this the government promoted strategies that encourage financial sponsorship of the private owners of rental housing sectors. Contrary to the properties that are publicly owned, houses that are constructed solely for the purpose of providing housing at affordable rents were construction by support from federal programs like Low Income Housing Tax Credit launched in 1986, and home funds from National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 (Arena, 2012, p.4). Such subsidization of private housing has been supported by the political opponents since it was an appropriate process for delivery low rent housing provisions. It has been claimed that historically U.S. government has failed to provide quality public services at low price because of inefficient bureaucracies. Failure of the government encouraged private sectors to enter public service sector in order to provide quality services at affordable prices. This also enhanced the financial interest of the private sectors. The two housing projects, St. Thomas and Iberville were identified as lucrative areas by political and economic elites, especially the areas inhabited by the African American community. The area surrounding St. Thomas which was predominated by the Blacks was particularly regarded as a hindrance to tourism. The idea was to evict this communi ty in order to transform the cities’ factories, warehouses and low income housing to promote tourism. Struggle ensued when the responsibility of removing the Blacks fell on the black political elite. In the year 1986, two black candidates participated in the mayoral race. William Jefferson who was an Angle- African American became the mayor that year. The losing candidate, Sidney Barthelemy befriended the low

Judicial Review problem question essay

Judicial Review problem question essay Judicial Review problem question (3000 words) Part 1 The first significant area for consideration in this scenario is whether Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his application for judicial review. He is seeking review of a decision by an internal disciplinary tribunal that he be dismissed for unprofessional conduct. The tribunal found unanimously in favour of dismissing Jack. In order to assess whether Jack will be permitted to pursue his claim for review, the nature of jusidical review must briefly be considered. Following the Bowman Report of 2000, in the light of Lord Woolfe’s recommendations for law reform, the regime of judicial review has been altered in certain ways. The 1977 reforms of the procedure did not state expressly that judicial review was an exclusive procedure.[1] It was in the case of O’reilly v Mackman (1983) that the court considered the issue of exclusivity. In this case, the House of Lords held that it would be contrary to public policy to allow an applicant to seek to enforce public l aw rights by way of ordinary action rather than by way of judicial review. In the present instance, then, it must be considered whether the decision of the tribunal is a public or a private law matter. The ruling of the House of Lords in this case means that procedural exclusivity exists in cases of public law. In order to assess whether Jack’s case is one of public law, the common law must be considered in this area. In Cocks v Thanet District Council (1983), the House of Lords held that under the relevant Act in the case, the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977, the housing authorities’ functions were essentially public law functions. These functions included deciding whether they had a duty to house the applicant under the 1977 Act. It was only after this decision had been made, and if it was considered that such a duty did exist, that private rights and obligations would arise. In Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee (1992), the House of Lords held that an issue was concerned exclusively with a public right should be determined in judicial review proceedings. This strict application of the exclusivity principle, however, has been superceded by the more liberal approach characterised in the decision of Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside (2000). In his judgement, Lord Woolfe explained the effects of the new Civil Procedure Rules on the rule in O’reilly v Mackman. â€Å"The intention of the CPR is to harmonise procedures as far as possible and to avoid barren procedural disputes which generate satellite litigation.†[2] The important question has become whether failure to follow the correct procedure amounts to abuse of process of court. In the present case, then, the question of whether this matter is properly described as public law or private law is of the utmost significance. As long as Jack can satisfy the court that the functions of the tribunal are public law ones, he will most likely be granted permission to proceed with his claim. This, however, may be difficult. In R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co (1996), Ognall J stated that ‘there can be no universal test’ for deciding whether a matter is properly described as public law. If the tribunal is a public body, it will have derived its authority from statute or delegated legislation (as opposed to deriving powers from the agreement of those who are subject to the body). Some guidance as to what would constitute a public body was offered by the Court of Appeal in R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan (1993). Here it was held that although the Jockey Club regulated a significant national activity, it did not properly constitu te a public body, as it was not mentioned in statute, and its powers were simply over those who agreed to be bound by it. In Jack’s case, however, the tribunal does indeed derive its powers from statute. Furthermore, following R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc (1987), the court should look to the nature of the functions the body performs, as well as its origins. The functions of the tribunal will be considered to be public law functions, and so in the light of the doctrine of exclusivity, Jack will be granted permission to proceed with his claim for judicial review. Part 2 There are various grounds that may arise for Jack to pursue his claim for judicial review in the scenario. Firstly, Jack is told by the tribunal that he may not have legal representation present. Furthermore, although he is entitled to have a friend or relative present at the proceedings, this person must not be legally qualified. Is this a breach of protocol? In other words, does Jack have a right to be represented at the Tribunal? It is established at common law that no such right exists. In the case of R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone, the appellants claimed that the Board’s refusal to allow them to be legally represented at the disciplinary proceedings was counter to natural justice. Lord Goff, however, said â€Å"it does not follow that simply because a charge before a disciplinary tribunal †¦ relates to facts which in law constitute a crime, the rules of natural justice require the tribunal to grant legal representation.’ According to this analysis, then, Jack does not necessarily have a right to legal representation. Whether legal representation is granted is a matter, in this instance, for the tribunal to decide. In doing so, it must take into account a number of factors. These include whether there are complex matters of law at issue (which it does not appear there are in this case); and whether Jack is incapable of presenting his own case. If fairness dictated that Jack should be allowed representation for either of these reasons, then of course he should be, but the tribunal appears to have acted within its rights to deny him this representation in the present instance. Lord Denning highlighted this principle in Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (1969): ‘It is not every man who has the ability to defend himself on his own †¦ He may be tongue-tied or nervous, confused or wanting in intelligence.† Jack’s tribunal could make a case for denying Jack representation, and this is not there fore a suitable ground for his claim for judicial review. The second issue relates to the tribunal’s decision to limit Jack’s witnesses to five, as opposed to the ten he originally sought to act as character witnesses. There are two possible avenues which Jack could proceed down with this. The decision can be identified as falling within, perhaps, one of the original categories of grounds for judicial review as set out by Lord Diplock in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service (1985). This ground was irrationality, which was likened in that case to the principle of unreasonableness identified in the other key case for judicial review, Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation (1948). This principle of irrationality applied, in Lord Diplock’s words, to ‘a decision which I so outrageous in its defiance of logic or of accepted moral standards that no sensible person who has applied his mind to the question to be decided would have arrived at it.’[3] This was ada pted and mollified somewhat by Lord Cooke in R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd (1999), who asked ‘whether the decision in question was one which a reasonable authority would reach.’ The problem of proceeding down this avenue, for Jack, is the high standard of proof which Jack must meet in order to be successful in his claim. He would need to show that the decision to limit his witnesses to five would not be reached by any reasonable person. Lord Ackner identified the reason for this high level of proof as being that judicial review is a supervisory process, not an appellate jurisdiction (R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind (1991)). It seems unlikely that Jack would succeed in establishing that this decision on the part of the tribunal was so irrational as to be worthy of judicial review. He would more likely be successful following the second potential avenue in relation to this decision of the tribunal; that of procedural impropriety, which was also one of the original grounds for judicial review identified in the GCHQ Case. This phrase encompasses both the breach of statutorily defined procedural rules, and also the breach of common law rules of natural justice. Jack’s claim in this area will depend in part on the procedural rules set out in the relevant statute governing employment tribunals. If the tribunal has not complied with statutory provisions by limiting Jack’s witnesses to five, it will be considered to have acted ultra vires. In this case, the tribunal has met with its statutory obligation under the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992, s10 to give reasons for its decision to limit the number of witnesses to five for each side (‘it would not be administratively expedient to allow the calling of such a large number of witnesses, particular ly as it is the view of the tribunal that many of the witnesses would not provide evidence which would have a material impact upon the outcome of the proceedings’). It is a central principle of natural justice that Jack must be entitled to a fair hearing. It is in this area that Jack has the best chance of securing judicial review of the employment tribunal’s decision. Firstly, in relation to the composition of the panel, Jack has a valid complaint against the inclusion of a member of staff with whom he had a relationship that ended acrimoniously. This instantly raises the possibility of bias in the tribunal panel. English courts have developed two tests for bias, based on reasonable suspicion, and on real likelihood. In R v Gough (1993), however, it was held that the same test should be applicable in all cases of apparent bias. This test is whether there is a real danger of bias. Given the nature of the woman’s previous relationship to Jack, it is fair to suggest that there is a real danger of bias. This, then, according to the Gough test (despite subsequent challenges to that test in cases such as Porter v Magill (2002)), would g ive Jack a strong ground for seeking judicial review. Part 3 The grounds under which Jack might be able to pursue his claim for judicial review have been considered. Purely on the grounds for judicial review, Jack’s best chance of success lies with the danger of bias in the composition of the panel in the tribunal, given that one of his ex-girlfriends is a member of it. Jack might well, however, be able to strengthen his claim by supporting it with Human Rights Act claims. The impact of this will be considered on each of the possible grounds for review outlined above. Firstly, in respect of the decision by the tribunal not to allow Jack to be legally represented, it is possible that although this is not necessarily improper in itself, it may be a breach of Jack’s human rights as encompassed in the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998. The relevant article of the Convention is Article 6, which guarantees the right to a fair hearing. This entitles Jack, ‘in the determination of his civil rights and obligations †¦ to a fair and public hearing.’[4] Firstly, does this cover tribunals of the sort Jack is involved in? In the case of Ringeisen v Austria (1971), the European Court held that Article 6(1) covers all proceedings whose result affects private rights and obligations. In the present instance, Jack’s right to continue working as a teacher is to be determined by the outcome of the tribunal. It seems then, that his case is at least covered by the Article. The Article only confirms that Jack would have a right to legal representation, however, if he were charged with a criminal offence. ‘Everyone charged with a criminal has the following minimal rights †¦ to defend himself in person or through legal assistance †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[5] This, however, is merely a civil offence, so once again, there is no guarantee that Jack should be granted legal representation under the ECHR. The same Article of the Convention is also applicable, however, to the composition of the tribunal panel as well as the manner in which the tribunal was conducted. Firstly, the Article guarantees the right to a ‘fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[6] In the European Court case of Langborger v Sweden (1989), the Court established that ‘even if individuals are technically qualified to address a given issue and even if there is no subjective reason to doubt their personal integrity, it is important that the appearance of objective impartiality and independence is observed.’[7] More specifically, in the case of Sramek v Austria (1984), those adjudicating a particular matter cannot be seen to have a relationship with any of the parties. This case law clearly impacts upon Jack’s case, as the previous relationship he had with the female member of the panel can be seen to breach this principle of f airness and impartiality, despite her assurances that the history had no effect on her judgment. Furthermore, also under Article 6(1), the court or tribunal is required to give reasons for its decisions. Jack’s employment tribunal met this requirement insofar as it gave reasons for its refusal to allow Jack more than five witnesses, but it must also have given reasons for its unanimous decision to dismiss Jack. Perhaps linked to this is Jack’s right under the same Article to a ‘fair hearing’. The fact that Jack noticed one of the panel was falling asleep during his defence hardly seems commensurate with this principle. He could conceivably, then, mount a challenge to the decision of the tribunal based on human rights claims under Article 6 of the ECHR. He would have two substantial avenues of challenge; firstly the impartiality of the tribunal could be called into question due to its inclusion of Jack’s ex-girlfriend. Secondly, the conduct of the tribunal itself, particularly the fact that a member of the panel was falling asleep during Jackâ₠¬â„¢s submission, suggests Jack would have a valid claim for breach of his rights. In this scenario, then, Jack would be able to establish grounds for his claim for judicial review. The tribunal is exercising a quasi-judicial function, and would be properly categorised as a public law function. As such, judicial review is the proper way to proceed to challenge its decisions. In terms of actual grounds for review, Jack’s best chances lie with the composition of the panel. The inclusion of his ex-girlfriend, despite the panel’s claim to the contrary, could be seen to have an adverse effect on the impartiality of the panel. Again, the falling asleep of one of the panel’s members during Jack’s presentation also gives ground for judicial review due to procedural impropriety. It seems the panel has acted within its rights to deny legal representation to Jack. Nor is this legal representation guaranteed under human rights legislation, as this is clearly a civil matter, while the ECHR only guarantees legal representation in criminal cases. Again , in the context of the Human Rights Act 1998, Jack’s best chances of mounting a strong case for breach of his rights lies in the composition of the panel and the conduct of the hearing. These seem to have constituted potential breaches of Article 6 of the ECHR. BIBLIOGRAPHY Statutes Civil Procedure Rules 1999 European Convention on Human Rights Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 Human Rights Act 1998 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 Cases Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 Clark v University of Lincolnshire and Humberside [2000] 3 All ER 752 Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 Langborger v Sweden (1989) O’reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association [1969] 1 QB 125 Porter v Magill [2001] UKHL 67 R v Board of Visitors of HM Prison, the Maze, ex p Hone [1988] AC 379 R v Chief Constable of Sussex, ex p International Trader’s Ferry Ltd [1999] 2 AC 418 R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 2 All ER 853 R v Gough [1993] AC 646 R v Legal Aid Board, ex p Donn Co [1996] 3 All ER 1 R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p Datafin plc [1987] QB 815 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Brind [1991] 1 AC 696 Ringeisen v Austria (1971) Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee [1992] 1 AC 624 Sramek v Austria (1984) Secondary sources Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe) Leyland, P., and Woods, T. (2002) Textbook on Administrative Law, 4th Edition (Oxford: OUP) Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis) Footnotes [1] See, for example, Parpworth, N. (2004) Constitutional and Administrative Law, 3rd Edition (London: LexisNexis), p264 [2] Quoted in Parpworth, p270 [3] Quoted ibid, p309 [4] European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6(1) [5] Ibid, Article 6(3)(c) [6] Ibid, Article 6(1) [7] Quoted in Gomien, D. (2005) Short Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights (Strasbourg: Council of Europe), p56